INTERNET TECHNOLOGY DFINITION

INTERNET

Internet is an connection between several computers of different types belonging to various network across the world. It is a network of the networks. Million of people use internet to search and share information and ideas etc. The internet is an immensely complex combination of thousands of technologies and dozens of services used by the people around the world each day. Every network and every computer in the network exchange information according to certain rules called protocols. These different computers and networks are united with common threads of two protocols i.e., Internet Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocols (TCP).

INTERNET CHARACTERISTICS

⇾ A Complex Network :- With the simplified network of networks that comprises over 150 millions computers.

⇾ Disorganize :- Internet can be cumbersome and confusing even for experienced users.

⇾ A Decentralized System :- Million of individuals networks and over 140 millions individuals computers connected throughout the world.

⇾ Composed of Billion of Files :- Files pertaining to thousands of subjects, disciplines, and professions are available in different file formats.

⇾ Widely Used :- More than 147 million people use the internet over 40 million of whom use it daily.

⇾Internet Scope :- It is across by people in approx 140 countries; people in over 155 countries use the internet for e-mail purpose.

⇾ Expanding Exponentially :- growing at the rate of 12% per month.

ELEMENTS OF THE INTERNET

• Client PC :- These are the computer that requests information from sources. If your personal computer has access to internet it is then categorized as a client computer.

• Server Computer :- A server is computer that holds the files for one or more websites. These are relatively powerful computers with a full time internet connection and can provide data to multiple clients computers simultaneously.

• Networks :- These are composed of one or more server computers and multiple client PC.

• Nodes :- Nodes is generic term used to describe a client, server or network.

INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

⇾ ISP (Internet Service Provider) :- ISP is an organisation that provides internet and access to the services provided on the internet. It is company such as AT & T (American Telephone & Telegraph), Verizon, Comcost

or Brighthouse, they provides internet access to companies, families and even mobile users. ISP use fibers optics, satellites, copper wire and other forms to provide internet access to it's customer.

ISP Types -------

• Access Providers :- They provide access to internet through telephone lines, cables, WiFi, or fiber optics.

•Hosting ISP :- Hosting ISP offers E-mail and other web hosting services such as virtual machines, clouds etc.

• Virtual ISP :- Such ISPs offers internet access via other ISP services.

• Free ISP :- They do not charge for internet services .

Internet Technology

History of Internet

The internet had its roots during the 1960's as a project of the united states government department of defense to create a non-centralized network. This project was called ARPANET ( Advance Research Agency of Networks ) to provide a secure and survivable communication network organisations engaged in defense related research. In to make networks more global a new sophisticated standard protocol was needed they develop IP (Internet Protocol) technology which defines how electronic messages were packaged addressed and sent over the network. The standard protocol was invented in 1977 and was called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP allow users to link the various branches of other complex networks directly ARPANET, which soon come to be called the internet.

Researchers and academics in their other fields being to make use of the network and eventually the NSF (National Science Foundation) which had created a similar and parallel network called NSFNET, to over much of the TCP/IP technology from ARPANET and establishes a network of networks capable of handling for greater traffic. In 1985 NSF being a program to establish internet access across the Unites States. They created a backbone called the NSFNET and opened their door to all education facilities, academic researches, government agencies and International Research Organisations. By 1990s the internet experienced an explosive growth. It is estimated that the number of computers connected to internet was doubling every year.

DESKTOP

The Desktop is the primary interface of a computer. When you boot up your computer the desktop is displayed once the startup process is complete. It includes the desktop background and icons of files and folders you may have saved to the desktop. Since the desktop is always present icons on the desktop is always present icons on the desktop can be accessed quickly rather than requiring you to navigate through the several directories.

Components of Desktop -----

➝ Task bar :- A bar located at the bottom of their screen first introduced with Microsoft Windows 95 and found in all the versions of windows that followed. The task bar allows you to locate and launch programs through start button or view any program that is currently open.

➝ Start Menu :- The Microsoft Windows start menu is the primary location is windows to locate your installed programs and find any files and folders. By default the start menu is accessed by clicking the start button, located in the bottom left hand corner of the windows desktop screen. Some important options of start menu --------

✳️ Shut Down :- To shut down a system means that when the process of shutting down is complete, the machine is powered down and it will not come back again without someone taking further actions.

✳️ Restart/Reboot :- Reboot a system means that the computer goes through a complete shut down process then start up again.

✳️ Log Off :- Logging off a system means that the user who is currently logged on has their session end but leaves computer running for someone else to use.

➝ Notification Area :- Sometime referred to as the system tray, syst tray, shell notification area or task bar status area. The notification area provides various aspects of their operating system such as the time and date, internet connection, status and current volume level.

➝ Icon :- an icon is a small graphical representation of a program or file. When you click the associated file or program will be open.

Types of Icons -----

➝ Folder Icon :- When a folder icon is click, a folder window is open display the contents of the folder.

➝ Program Icon :- When a program icon is double click, the corresponding program is loaded into the memory of the computer.

➝ Document Icon :- When a document icon is double click the document itself is open.

➝ Shortcut Icon :- Shortcut icons provides an alternative way to open programs, documents and folders.

➝ System Icon :- System icons are mendatory programs or files that are located on your desktop. User is not allowed to delete the system icon, since deleting the system icon would means deleting the actual program from the hard drive of the computer.

Motherboard :- A Motherboard is one of the most essential part of computer system. It holds together many of the critical components of a computer including the Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory and connectors for input and output devices. The motherboard is also known as PCB (Printed Circuit Board)

Parts of Motherboard ------

✳️ CPU Socket

✳️ Main Memory Slot

✳️ Power Connectors

✳️ SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

✳️ Slot for one and more hard drive i.e., IDE (Integrated Drive Electron)

✳️ Slot for video or graphics card

COMPUTER MEMORY (IMPORTANT NOTES)

The capability of computer to remember our data is called as memory. In computer it is implemented through electronic circuit. Computer memory is a physical device which is capable of storing information temporarily or permanently. Memory can be classified into two categories ----

1. Primary Memory ( Temporary Memory)
2. Secondary Memory ( Permanent Memory) 

1. Primary Memory :- Primary Memory is also called internal, main or central memory. All data and instructions just of all process into the main memory or primary memory. It store program and data while computer is running. Primary Memory is classified into two categories ------

• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• ROM (Read Only Memory)

• RAM :- It is read and write memory, so user can either read or write from it. It is volatile in nature, means when the computer is switched off, all the information stored on it, will be erased.

Types of RAM --------

➝ SRAM

➝ DRAM

SRAM is stand for Static RAM whereas DRAM is stand for Dynamic RAM. Static RAM retain stored information as long as the power supply is on, but the Dynamic RAM loses its stored information in a very short time even when the power supply in on.

Dynamic RAM are cheaper and have moderate speed. Static RAM are costlier and consume more power. They do not need refreshing circuitry and have higher speed than Dynamic RAM.

• ROM :- ROM is a permanent type of memory, it contains our data even when the power supply is switched off because it is non-volatile in nature. However the user cannot write into a ROM. 

Types of ROM ------

➝ PROM (Programmable ROM) 

➝ EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)

✳️ Electrically EPROM (EEPROM)

✳️ Ultraviolet EPROM (UVEPROM)

      2. Secondary Memory :- You cannot store data in the main memory of a PC permanently, because it is very expensive and its contents are erased when the computer is turned off. It order to preserve or save the work which you have done on your computer (permanently fro future use) before you shut it off, you need secondary storage medium. Secondary Memory is also known as Auxiliary Memory.

Types of Secondary Memory -------

➝ Magnetic Disk

  

     ✳️ Floppy Disk :- It is also known as disk or diskette,a floppy disk is a removable storage disk used for storing data, it is floppy disk because the round film inside the disks plastic shell is flexible.

Floppies are available in 3.5''(inch) with a capacity 1.44 MB or 2.88 MB and 5.22''(inch) size with a capacity 160 KB, 360 KB, or 1.2 MB.

      ✳️Hard Disk :- A Hard Disk is a device used for mass storage of data. The data stored on the hard disk can be retrieved at very fast speed. unlike floppies, CDs, etc cannot easily remove a hard disk from a PC.

➝ Optic Disc 

      ✳️ CD ROM :- It is an optical read only memory. The disc is made up of polycarbonate. CD ROM provide random access data retrieval and the disc have a self life of more than 40 years. CD ROM can store about 700 MB.

      ✳️ DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) :- DVD disc provide more more storage capacity than a CD ROM disc. The disc used with DVD drives are of same diameter and thickness as traditional CDs. Like CD and DVD disc can tolerate dust and fingre prints. DVD ROM of capacity ranging from 4.7 GB to 50 GB.

➝ Flash Memory 

      ✳️ Pen Drive :- A Pen Drive or USB flash drive is a portable data storage device. Pen Drive have replace the floppy disk and have become the most popular data storage devices among consumers. To access the data stored in a pen drive, the drive must be connected to a computer through USB host controller. Pen Drive are available in many capacities like 2 GB, 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB and so on.

Cache/Cash Memory :- Cache Memory is placed in between the CPU and the main memory. It is faster than main memory. Cache memory provides faster data storage  and access by storing data routinely accessed by the processor. Thus, when our processor requests data that already has an instance in the cache memory, it does not used to go to the memory or the hard disk to fetch the data. There are three labels of cache ------

     ✳️ Label 1 Cache (L1)

     ✳️ Label 2 Cache (L2)

     ✳️ Label 3 cache (L3)

Computer Memory Units ---

1 or 0                    ￫ 1 Bite

4 Bits                    ￫ 1 Nibble or 1/2 Byte

8 Bits                    ￫ 1 Byte

1024 Bytes           ￫ 1 Kilobyte

1024 Kilobytes    ￫ 1 Megabyte

1024 Megabytes   ￫ 1 Gigabyte

1024 Gigabytes    ￫ 1 Terabyte

1024 Terabytes     ￫ 1 Petabyte

1024 Petabytes     ￫ 1 Exabytes

1024 Exabytes      ￫ 1 Zettabyte

1024 Zettabytes    ￫1 Yottabyte

1024 Yottabye      ￫ 1 Brontobyte

1024 Brontobyte  ￫ 1Geopbyte

    

COMPUTER SOFTWARE - 5

B. Developing Software :- It is a software which provide services required for the development and execution of Application Software.

➝ Programming Languages :- A programming language is a primary interface of a programmer with a computer. A programming language is an artificial language to express computation that can be performed by a computer.

➝ Language Translator :- A Language Translator helps in converting programming languages to machine language. The translated program is called the Object Code. 

There are three kinds of language translator ------

• Assembler :- An Assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and convert them into a pattern of bits that the computer processors can used to perform its basic operation.
• Compiler :- It is used to convert the source code (written in high level language) into machine language. Compiler reads whole source code at a time and trap the errors and inform to programmer.
• Interpreter :- This language processor converts the high level language program into machine language by converting it line by line. If there is any error in any line during execution, it will report it at same time and cannot resume until the error is rectified.

➝ Linker :- A Linker is a system program that links together several objects modules and liberaries to form a single and coherent program (executable). The main purpose of linker is to resolve reference among files.

➝ Loader :- Loader is a kind of system software which is responsible for loading and relocation of the executable program in the mail memory.

Relationship between Hardware & Software ------

There is a tight bond between hardware and software and they retain incomplete in absence of any. Hardware is a physical and tangible asset which you can see and touch whereas software is a program run over the hardware and controls the hardware. In simple words we can say that they complete each other. Software commands hardware, to perform a certain task like printing or playing music withthe help of operating system.


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COMPUTER SOFTWARE - 4 (BOOTING)

When we start our computer then, there is an operation perform automatically by the computer which is also called as Booting. In the booting, system will check all the hardware and software those are installed and this will also load all the files those are needed for running a system. In the booting process, the operating system gets loaded from secondary memory into primary memory. 

Types of booting are as follows -----------

1. Cold Booting :- The process of starting a computer from shutdown or powerless state and setting it to normal working condition. A computer doing a cold booting is already in a shutdown state, wherein no hardware, software, network or peripheral operations are occurring. Cold Booting is also known as Hard Boot, Cold Start or Dead Start.

2. Warm Booting :- Alternatively referred to as a Soft Boot, a warm boot can be accomplished by pressing the (ctrl + alt + delete) keys simultaneously.

  

COMPUTER SOFTWARE - 3 (OPERATING SYSTEM)

• Operating System :- An Operating System is a master software program that controls the internal activities of the computer hardware and provide user interface. These interface can be either CUI (Command/Character User Interface) or GUI (Graphical User Interface). Application program need to interact with the Operating System fro using hardware resources.

          Operating is the Ist program loaded copied into the main memory of the computer after the booting.

Functions of Operating System ----

➝ Processor Management :- The operating system assigns processor (if the computer has more than one processor) to different task that must be performed by the computer.

➝ Memory Management :- It allocates main memory and secondary memory to the system program, user program and data.

➝ Input/Output Management :- It carries out I/O management, co-ordinates and assigns different input and output devices.

➝ File Management :- It manages files on various storage devices and transfer these files from one storage device to another.

➝ Scheduling :- It establishes and enforces the job priority, i.e, it determines and maintains the order in which jobs are to be executed in the computer system.

➝ Time Sharing :- It co-ordinates and assigns computers, assemblers, utility program and other software packages to various users working on the computer system.

⟶ Security Management :- It establishes data security and integrity, that is, it gives different programs and data in such a manner that they do not interface with  each other. Moreover, it also  provides protection to the data from being destroyed by any other user.

Classification of Operating System -------

➝ Single User Operating System :- Operating System which allows only one user to work on a computer at a time is known as Single User Operating System.

Ex￫ DOS(Disk Operating System)

➝ Multi User Operating System :- A multi user operating system allows a number of users to work together on a single computer. Each user will be provided a terminal connection to a computer.

Ex￫ LINUX, UNIX, Windows 2000 etc.

➝ Single Tasking Operating System :- Operating System which can execute on;y a single task at a time.

➝ Multitasking Operating System :- Multitasking Operating System supports execution of more than one job at a time. Most of today's operating system are multitasking such as Windows 2000, UNIX, LINUX, etc.